Method of and means for making form tools



Nov. 28, 1939. J. EDGAR I 2,181,396

METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR MAKING FORM TOOLS Original Filed Feb. 28, 1929 7 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR John Edgar BYQZ A Q FE 4 a.

ATTORNEYS Nov. 28, 1939.

J. EDGAR METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR MAKING FORM TOOLS Original Filed Febv 28, 1929 '7 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR John Edgar ATTORNEYS Nov. 28, 1939. ED R 2.l8l,396

METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR MAKING FORK TOOLS Original Filed Feb. 28, 1929 7 Sheets-Sheet 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 J. EDGAR METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR MAKING FORK TOOLS Original Filed Febv 28, 1929 Nov. 28, 1939.

NVENTOR U0 hn Eds ar BY M 73W K m ATTORNEYS Nov. 28, 1939.

J. EDGAR METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR MAKING FORM TOOLS Original Filed Feb. 28, 1929 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 lllllflji IIII IBI ll! ILII I llllllllill I'= I INVENTOR John Edgar BY W 6M KM AT'i'ORNEYS Nov. 28, 1939. J. EDGAR 2.1 96

METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR MAKING FORM 'roons ori inal Filed Feb. 28, 19 29 7 Sheets-Sheet s INVENTOR John Edgar Nov. 28, 1939. J. EDGAR 2,181,396

METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR MAKING FORM TOOLS Original Filed Feb. 28, 1929 7 Sheets-Sheet 7 INVENTOR John Edgar- BY 63W x MM ATTORNEYS Patented Nov. 28, 1939 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE METHOD OF AND DEANS FOR MAKING FORM TOOLS John Edgar, Rockford, 111., assignor to Barber- Colman Company, Rockford, 111., a corporation of Illinois 18 Claims.

This invention relates to a method for mak-' ing form tools and novel mechanism embodying work supporting .and grinding means and. means for guiding a tool or other device in. straight, curved and modified paths particularly adapted for employment in themanufacture of such form tools. This application is a division of my copending application Serial No. 343,451, filed February 28, 1929 now Patent No. 1,979,536 granted November 6, 1934.

There are two principal methods commonly used in the manufacture of form tools, the older of which is the so-called master or fly-tool method. To produce a form tool by this method, it is necessary to make, first, a master or fh -tool which possesses the shape that is desired to be produced by the form tool, but since this fly-tool is made from a piece of unhardened metal and is hardened after being properly shaped, any hardening distortion must be removed by a manual process such as stoning. This method has many disadvantageous features besides being costly.

In view of this, another method has been advanced whereby form tools are ground from hardened pieces of metal by means of abrasive wheels shaped to the proper contour. To correctly shape such an. abrasive wheel it has been the custom to employ a templet to which the wheel was trued, the form of the templet not being a duplicate of the form desired but corresponding to the form desired as corrected to compensate for the clearance angle with which the tool is made, undercut and side clearance or any of them as may be desired on form tools for making straight a gash or spiral gash cutters. It results, therefore, as will be more fully described hereinafter, that to make a form tool adapted to produce a circular section it is necessary that the contour of the abrasive wheel used be elliptical, if end clearance alone is to be compensated for, and the contour of the abrasive wheel must be further modified to compensate for the other factors.

It is the object of the present invention to provide a new, improved and simplified method for making form tools and mechanism for 'utilizing the method arranged not only to compensate for the end clearance angle but also to compensate for undercut and side clearance as may be desired on form tools for making straight 5o gash or spiral gash cutters.

Another object is to provide a machine having an arbor for supporting a grinding wheel, a support movable transversely of said arbor, means for adjusting the height of said arbor above said support, means on one end of said support for dressing a wheel on said arbor and means on the other end of said support for adiustably supporting a work piece.

A further object is to provide a novel work holding device operable in conjunction with an 5 abrasive wheel trued by a dressing mechanism to provide a desired contour on a form tool.

In pursuance of the foregoing and other objects, I aim to provide a novel method for making form tools and mechanism adapted to utilize 10 said method comprising a support having a grinding wheel arbor rotatably mounted thereon, a table or platen slidable transversely of said arbor, a device mounted on one end of said table arranged to guide a dressing tool through plain 15 and modified paths, a work holder reciprocably mounted on said table for movement transversely of the grinding wheel arbor arranged to support a tool blank in normal and angular positions, means to raise and lower the'grinding wheel arso her relatively to the dressing tool and work holders, and means to actuate said table.

Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds.

1n the drawings:

Figure l is a front elevation of a machine embodying the preferred form of the invention.

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a form tool and a grinding wheel adapted to move at a clearso ance angle with the plane perpendicular to the cutting surface of the tool.

Fig. 2 is a side elevation looking at the left hand side of Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a fragmental section through the table, a work support and tool support, takenin the plane of line 3-4 of Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 is a view along the line 4-4 of Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 is a view along the line 5-5 of Fig. 3.

Fig. 6 is a similar view with the tool holder in a different position.

Fig. 7 is a view along the line 'l-l of Fig. 3.

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary plan view of the undercut control shown along the line 8-8 of Fig. 3.

Fig. 9 is a front elevation of the mechanism 6 for mounting the tool blank.

Fig. 10 is a plan view thereof.

Fig. 11 is a vertical section along the line I I-ll of Fig. 10.

Fig. 12 is a section along the inclined line. i2-l2 m of Fig. 9.

Fig. 13 is a section along the line |3ll of Fig. 11.

Figs. 14 to 18' are diagrammatic views exemplifying a practical application of the preferred u embodiment of the invention. in dressing grinding wheels and shaping a form tool in accordance with the disclosed method.

While my invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, I have shown in the drawings and will herein describe in detail one such embodiment, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiment illustrated. The scope of the invention will be pointed out in the appended claims.

As illustrated in the drawings, the invention in its exemplary embodiment is disclosed in connection with a grinding machine comprising a bed or base I having a column 2 formed integrally therewith and extending upwardly from the rear portion thereof. A spindle head 3 is slidably mounted on the column and has an arbor or spindle 4 rotatably mounted thereon and extending forwardly from the face of the column and over a platen or table 6 which is movable transversely of the spindle above the knee portion 8 of the machine base. Preferably a saddle I is interposed between the knee and the table, which saddle is adjustable longitudinally of the spindle 4 on ways 8 by means including a manually operable hand wheel ID. The table 6 is slidable on the saddle transversely of the spindle on ways I I by means including a manually operable hand wheel 12. The hand wheel l2 may be secured to one end of a shaft l3 (Fig. 1) the other end of which may have a pinion and rack connection (not shown) with the table. The spindle head 3 is adjustable vertically by means including a hand wheel l6 (Figs, 1 and 2) which hand wheel drives through a micrometer device (designated generally as H), and suitable gearing, intermediate said micrometer device and the spindle head (not shown). Said micrometer device, the function of which will be more fully explained hereinafter may be of any suitable form and preferably of the type shown in my Patent No. 1,760,932, issued June 3, 1930.

The construction of the machine thus far described (with the exception of the micrometer device I'I referred to in said patent) is well known to those skilled in the art, the spindle 4 being generally driven from a motor I8 in the base of the machine by means of a belt l9, which belt engages a pulley on the spindle shaft and suitable idler pulleys 2i and 22 for permitting vertical adjustment of the head on the column.

The invention contemplates that a dressing mechanism A will be mounted on one end of the table 6 and that a tool blank or work holder B will be mounted on a work support 23 slidably mounted on the left hand portion of the table so that by manipulating the hand wheel l2 to move the table 6, a dressing tool 24 may be moved into and out of operative relation to the grinding wheel W and when the dressing tool has been moved into an inoperative position a tool blank 26 mounted in the work holder B may be reciprocated transversely of the grinding wheel axis for grinding the blank to the contour which has been formed on the wheel W by the: dressing tool. The work holder B will be more fully described hereinafter. Attention will now be directed towards the dressing mechanism generally designated A.

When grinding form tools it is necessary to make allowance not only for the end clearance angle to which the tool is ground, but in addition it is sometimes desirable when grinding straight gash tools to provide for undercut or side clearance or both and when grinding spiral gash tools to provide for the spiral, for undercut and for side clearance. The invention contemplates that the dressing mechanism A will embody devices to modify the path of the dressing tool 24 to compensate for end clearance angle, side clearance, undercut and spiral angle and that the tool blank 26 will be positionable by means of the work holder B to be ground to the desired end clearance angle and for side clearance.

In Fig. 1' the form tool 26 is shown diagrammatically in operative relation with a grinding wheel, the tool being presented to the grinding wheel to provide the tool with an-end clearance of angle a. It will be apparent that if the dimension 2: represents the depth or radius of the cut desired to be reproduced by the tool, it will be necessary to make the depth 1! measured perpendicular to the clearance end of the tool slightly less than the depth a: because of the angular position of the tool during grind n the dimension 11 being equal to a: multiplied by the cosine of the angle a. In other words, the contour to be ground on the tool will be that of an ellipse which ellipse is the projection on a vertical plane of the inclined semi-circle of radius 2: which defines the cutting edge of the tool. Thus, the angle a is a clearance angle. A clearance angle may be defined as the angle of recession of the surface of a tool back of its cutting edge relative to a line through said edge extending in the direction of movement of the tool relative to the work. If the recession is on the end of the tool, as in the present instance, it has end clearance; if on the side, it has side clearance.

The-invention contemplates a holder 26 (Figs. 1 and 3) for the dressing tool 24 which holder is freely movable and constrained to move in a vertical plane, together with a head mounted for movement on an axis inclined at the end clearance angle with the horizontal, a connection between the tool holder and the head such that when the head is turned on its inclined axis, the tool holder 26 will be moved through a curved path which is a horizontal projection of the path of the head, and means to modify the path of the dressing tool to compensate for side clearance, undercut and spiral angle asmay be desired. The spiral angle of a form tool is the equivalent of the helical angle at the pitch line of the rotary cutter to be produced. In the form tool, this spiral angle is the angle of inclination of the cutting face laterally of the tool. The undercut in a form tool is the angle of. inclination of the cutting face longitudinally of the tool. In the case of a rotary cutter, the undercut is the angular offset of the cutting face from a radial plane through the cutter axis. The form tool for cutting a rotary cutter having an undercut face, may itself have no undercut, but'in such instance has a form compensated for the undercut on the cutter to be produced. v

In each case of a spiral angle, an undercut, and/or a clearance angle, the effective contour of the grinding wheel on the work is foreshortened in some respect. This foreshortening is compensated for by so changing the contour of the grinding wheel that the foreshortened or distorted form which is applied to the work will be the desired form.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention as illustrated herein, the tool holder 26 (Figs. 1 and 3) is mounted on a shaft 21 which is journaled on a horizontal axis on a slide 26 supported on a swinging head or arm 29. The arm 23 is herein shown mounted swingably upon a pivot 30 which is secured to an uprising portion 3| of the table 6. The slide 28 is freely movable radially on the swinging arm or head 23 and is preferably mounted on ball bearings 28' (Fig. 4) so as to eliminate static and sliding friction. Thus the tool holder is freely movable and is constrained to move in a vertical plane by the arm 29 and slide 28 and may be guided and operated by means of the shaft 21.

The dressing mechanism comprises generally such means for supporting the tool holder 26 and means for guiding and moving the tool holder through the desired paths. This last means, in the exemplary form illustrated in the drawings, includes a support 32 slidable longitudinally on the table 8. A side clearance control base 33 is pivoted on said support 32 and carries a frame 33 (see Figs. 3 and 8) on which an annular member or barrel 34 is rotatably mounted on an axis inclined at the end clearance angle with the horizontal. A cross slide 35 adjustably mounted within said barrel for movement transversely of its axis carries a rotatably mounted sleeve 36 in which a shaft 31 is slidable axially. A head, guide or radius bar 38 (Fig. 4) on one end of said shaft has a universal connection 33, preferably of a ball and socket type, with the shaft 21 on which the tool holder 26 is mounted.

To compensate for spiral angles and undercutting the opposite end of the shaft 31 carries a second radius bar 40 having a universal connection 4| with a slide 42 movable radially on a swinging control arm 43 which is pivoted on an inclined axis parallel to the shaft 31. The pivotal mounting for the arm comprises a pin 44 positioned in the upper end of an adjustably mounted spiral angle control member 45, which member is angularly adjustable upon arcuate ways 46 (Figs. 3 and 8) about an axis perpendicular to the shaft 31. These ways are formed on an undercut control member 41 which in turn is angularly adjustable about an axis perpendicular to the shaft 31 and to the axis of the ways 45, on arcuate ways 43 formed on a control support 49 mounted on the end of the frame 33.

The support 32 is slidably mounted upon the table 6 for movement transversely of the spindle 4 and is preferably mounted on the table by means of balls 31' or other anti-friction bearings so as to eliminate as far as possible static friction. This provides a freely slidable perpendicular connection between the guiding and compensating means and the tool holder 26 adapted to project onto the vertical plane of the tool holder, the curve through which the ball or joint 33 is moved when positioned radially outward of the axis of shaft 31 since the ball is constrained to move in a plane parallel to that of the tool holder. The side clearance control base 33 is pivotally mounted on the support 32 by means of a pivot pin 50 and an annular way 5|. A protractor 52 (Fig. 8) is provided to determine the amount of side clearance by the position of the base 33, clamping bolts 53 being adapted to secure the base in its adjusted position.

The frame 33 has a segmental portion 33 mounted on an arcuate way 33 on the base 33, and comprises a U-shaped end portion (Fig. 8) extending to the right in the drawings from the segmental portion. The arcuate way 33 is concentric with the shaft 31.

The frame 33" is also provided with arcuate ways 55 concentric with the shaft 31, which ways are arranged to support and guide the barrel 34, the periphery of which is provided with a corresponding guide 56. The periphery of the barrel is also provided with worm wheel teeth 51 (Figs. 1 and '7) engageable by a worm 51? on a manually operable shaft 58 rotatably mounted in the base frame 33.

The cross slide 35 is mounted on rectilinear ways 53 extending transversely of the barrel so that the shaft 31 may be moved diametrically across the barrel. A cross feed screw 50 (Figs. 1 and 3) is arranged to engage a nut 5| on the cross slide for adjusting the cross slide transversely of the barrel and has a squared outer end 62 for engagement by a suitable handle.

The sleeve 36 which is rotatably mounted on the cross slide 35 is suitably secured against longitudinal movement and may be rotated by means of a manually operable worm 63 on a shaft 33 (Figs. 1, 3 and 7) which engages a worm wheel 34 secured to the sleeve and has squared outer ends 65. The sleeve may be locked in its normal position by means of a spring operated plunger 53.

The shaft 31 is freely slidable longitudinally in the sleeve 36 and may be secured against rotation relatively to the sleeve by a suitable spline connection preferably anti-friction in character, as, for example, balls 31 (Fig. '1) operating in grooves 31.

The radius bars 38 and 40 are secured to the opposite ends of the shaft 31 and positioned in a common longitudinal plane through the shaft axis. The radius bar 33 at the left hand end of the shaft (Fig. 3) has a slide 10 which is adjustable radially thereon and which may be secured in its radially adjusted position by means of suitable clamp ng bolts 1| (Fig. 1). This slide 13 supports one member 12 of the universal joint 39, the other member 13 of which is secured to the tool holder shaft 21.

The radius bar structure, swinging arm and slide on the right end of the shaft 31 (Figs. 1 and 3) may be duplicates of those shown for the left hand end and just described. Thus the radius bar 40 is provided with a slide 14 adjustable radially thereon and adapted to be secured in adjusted position by means of bolts 15. This slide carries one member 16 of the universal joint 4|, the other member 11 of which is secured to a shaft 13 rotatably mounted on the slide 42 which is freely movable radially on the swinging arm 43. The swinging arm in this instance is mounted on the inclined pivot pin 44.

The work support 23 is slidably mounted on the uprising portion 3| of the table 3 along ways 33 for movement transversely of the grinding wheel spindle 4 so that after the grinding wheel W has been properly dressed, the tool blank holder B may be traversed across the grinding wheel without moving'the table. This traverse movement may be imparted to the work support 23 manually by any suitable means, which means preferably includes a hand wheel 3| rotatably mounted on the table portion 3| and readily accessible to an operator standing in front of the machine.

The work support B, as disclosed herein, is adapted to support the tool blank 25 in any one of a number of desired positions for making form tools of various types as described more fully hereinafter. In its exemplary form, this device comprises a circular base I30 rotatably mounted on the .upper surface of the support 23 by means of a pivot bolt H0 and an annular, guide ring I. The guide ring may be adjusted angularly with respect to the support 23 as indicated on a scale 75 Ill and may be secured in its adjusted position by means of the pivot bolt. A spring pressed plunger or index pin I I2 carried on-the base IE is adapted to engage either one of two sockets II3 positioned 180 apart in the ring III. Extending upwardly from the base Hill and formed integrally therewith are a pair of inclined brackets II4. A body member II is positioned intermediate said brackets and pivotally-mounted on a horizontal shaft I04 mounted in the brackets. As hereinafter more fully set forth said pivotal mounting is provided for permitting modification of the end clearance angle to which the tool blank is ground, the upper portion of the member II5 carrying clamping bolts II passing through slots I H in the brackets I I4 to secure the body member in its adjusted position as determined by a scale II8.

A centrally apertured disk H9 is secured to the body member H5 and is provided with an annular T-slot I20 and a central boss I2I. An angularly adjustable member I22 has a shoulder engaging said boss and carries a plurality of bolts I23 with their heads in said T-slot so that the head I22 may be clamped in its adjusted position on the disk II! as determined by an indicating scale I02. The head I22 is provided with rectilinear guides I23 normally positioned horizontally and carrying a cross slide I24 having corresponding ways I25. A somewhat circular tool blank supporting member I25 is angularly adjustable on the cross slide I24, being positioned thereon by means of a boss I21 on the cross slide and being adapted to be clamped in its adjusted position, as determined by a scale I03, by means of a plurality of bolts I28. Suitable means, such for example: as a notch I29 and clamping bolt I33, may be: provided for securing the tool blank 25 to the supporting member I26.

The cross slide I24 may be adjusted on the guides I23 to displace the tool blank longitudinally of the grinding spindle 4 by means of a feed screw I3I non-rotatably supported on the cross slide and engaged by a nut I32 rotatably mounted on the head I22. This nut is provided with a bevel pinion I33 which engages a second bevel pinion I34 mounted on one end of a shaft I35. This shaft carries a worm wheel I35 which meshes with a worm I31 on the shaft I04 so that by rotating the shaft, the cross slide may be actuated.

The shaft I35 preferably extends outwardly of the body member I I5 to operate a micrometer device designated generally I38 by which the position of the cross slide may be indicated. The amount of the displacement of the tool blank by movement of the cross slide may be determined by the difference between the two readings on the micrometer device I33.

With all of the parts in their normal or zero positions, that is with the slides 10 and I4 centrally on the radius bars, the cross slide 35 centrally of the barrel 34, the barrel'with the cross slide ways horizontal, and the spiral angle control support 45, the undercutting angle control member 41, the side clearance control base 33 and the frame 33' in their central positions, rotation of the shaft 31 by means of the sleeve 38 and worm shaft 83 will pivot the tool holder 25 without swinging the arms 29 or 43 or moving the slides 23 or 42, the dressing tool merely pivoting about an axis through its point. Protractors or scales are preferably provided on the various parts to facilitate their adjustment.

As described hereinbefore, the dressing mechanism A and the tool blank or work holder 3 are generally constructed at a standard or desired end clearance angle, the dressing mechanism being so set to compensate for the modified form required on the grinding wheel because of the .end clearance angle, and the work holder being so set to grind the tools to the desired clearance angle. Form cutters of the straight gash type are the simplest for which to grind form tools. The setup of the machine for grinding form tools for this type of cutter will therefor be described first.

The setup of the tool blank is particularly simple as the work holder, with the protractors indicating zero, holds'the tool blank parallel to the table 5 and perpendicular to the grinding wheel spindle. The dressing mechanism is also set at zero except to the angle of form. Thus the protractors 90, 3| and 32 on the side clearance, spiral angle and undercutting controls respectively are at zero and the slides I0 and I4 are central of the radius bars 33 and 40 respectively, as illustrated herein. The dressing fixture is set to the desired angle of form by rotating the barrel 34. With the dressing tool in the vertical plane through the axis of the wheel W, feeding movement of the dressing tool may be accomplished by actuating the cross slide 35, the head 3 being lowered to cause the tool to engage the wheel.

For straight gash cutters with undercut faces, the setting of the dressing mechanism is the same except that the undercut control member 41 is set at an angle of negative rake. The negative rake referred to is not the undercut angle on the cutter but is the angle to which it is necessary to dress the grinding wheel to give the proper foreshortening on the form tool. The angle is a function of the undercut angle on the cutter, the clearance angle on the form tool, the clearance angle on the cutter tooth and the diameter of the cutter. An empirical equation can readily be set up and by means of a simple calculation, the proper angle for setting the undercut angle control member 41 may be obtained.

For grinding a straight gash cutter form tool with side clearance the tool blank to be ground is set at an angle other than the standard clearance angle depending upon the angle of side clearance. The head I25 is set at a slight angle to the vertical about the inclined axis of the work holder this angle corresponding to the angle of side clearance. The tool blank is also swung horizontally at a sufficient angle on the scale IIII to give the proper side clearance angle. The form dressed upon the grinding wheel is the same as for straight gash cutters, the position of the tool blank while being ground making provision for obtaining the desired shape on the face of the tool.

In order to grind form tools for straight gash cutters having both side clearance and undercut faces, the tool blank is set the same as for grinding form tools with side clearance and the dressing fixture is set the same as for dressing grinding wheels for cutters with undercut faces. This combination dressing of the grinding wheel for undercut and positioning the tool blank for side clearance produces a form tool the face of which is correct for cutting this type of cutter.

To grind tools for spiral gash cutters the tool blank is set at the-standard end clearance angle with the protractors of the work holder set at zero. The head I23 is set at the tip angle corresponding to the clearance and gash angles. In the dressing mechanism the spiral control member 45 is set at the angle of the required gash. Since the head I26 is tipped the tool blank is brought to the proper height to compensate for the spiral gash.

When grinding tools for spiral gash cutters with undercut faces the tool blank is 'set as for spiral gash cutter tools as just described. The dressing mechanism, in addition to having the spiral control member 45 set as just described, also has the undercut control member 41 set at the required angle of negative rake.

In grinding form tools for spiral gash cutters with side clearance the head I26 of the tool holder is set at an angle to the vertical depending upon whether right or left hand spiral gash as well as whether right or left hand side clearance is desired, after which the tool blank is swung'horizontally about the pivot H through the angle corresponding to the required side clearance angle. The dressing mechanism is then swiveled on its pivot 50 so that the axis of the barrel 34 is perpendicular to the back of the tool blank and the spiral control member 45 is set parallel with the face of the tool blank, the angle of which will be either the combined angles of spiral and side clearance or their difference.

For grinding form tools for spiral gash cutters with both undercut faces and side clearances the tool blank is set as described for form tools for spiral gash cutters with side clearance. The. dressing mechanism is set as described, and with the undercut control member 4'! set at the proper angle.

As the operation of the machine in dressing wheels and grinding tools varies with'the type of the form tool, I will describe the operation in connection with the grinding of a form tool having a contour such as that illustrated in Figs. 14

In Figs. 14 to 18 there is illustrated diagrammatically a tool having a form comprising six parts, namely a horizontal top a, a vertical land b, and are c, an angular portion or tangent d, an are e, and a second angular portion or tangent f. Arcs c and e are struck from two centers 74: and i, the top a, and land b and the tangent at being taken from the center k while the tangent f is taken from the center 1. Figs. 14 to 18 illustrate diagrammatically the difierent grinding wheels which are dressed to proper form to grind the six component parts of the contour of the tool together with the paths of the dressing tool during the dressing operations.

The grinding wheel W' shown in Fig. 14 is" adapted to grind the top a on the tool. This grinding wheel is dressed by setting the radius slides 10 and 14 opposite the distance m (Fig. 14 of this surface from the center It (upwardly in Fig. 3) and with the angle barrel 34 positioned so that the cross slide 35 moves horizontally, the table 6 is moved so that the dressing tool 24 lies in a vertical plane through the ax s of the grinding wheel spindle 4. The grinding wheel head 3 is then lowered to feed the grinding wheel into engagement with the dressing tool while the cross slide 35 is reciprocated by means of the feed screw 60 to move the dressing tool back and forth across the face of the grinding wheel. When the spindle head 3 has been fed downwardly to its final position (the position wherein the wheel W is dressed) thedial upon the micrometer device I! isset at zero, whereupon the spindle head is raised out of the way.

The tool blank which is mounted in the holder B at the and clearance angle, is then moved into operative relation with the grinding wheel by moving the table 6 by means of the hand wheel l2. The work support 23 is then actuated by means of the handle 8| so that the work holder is traversed while the spindle head 3 is fed downwardly until the top a is properly ground, whereupon a record is made of the reading of the dial of the micrometer mechanism II.

The table 6 is now returned to reposition the dressing .tool 24 in a vertical plane through the grinding wheel spindle axis preparatory to dressing a wheel as illustrated in Fig. 15 for grinding parts b and c on thetool. The dressing mechanism is now set up using the same center R: but

changing the offset of the radius slides HI and 'I4,downwardly on the radius bars 38 and 40 to that of the distance n of the land I) from the center k. A grinding wheel W properly positioned on. the spindle 4 is then dressed along its side by first revolving the angle barrel 34, 90 (clockwise looking from the left in Fig. 3) and then reciprocating the dressing tool 24 by means of the cross slide 35, the head 3 being fed down to dress the side of the wheel a sufflcient distance in from the periphery.

The head 3 is then withdrawn, the radius slides are set central of the shaft 31 and the barrel 34 is rotated until the dial 99 thereon registers at an angle 1' (Fig. 15 whereupon the side a of the wheel W' is dressed by reciprocating the cross slide 35 while the spindle head 3 is fed vertically downward until the micrometer indicates zero. The arc c is dressed on the wheel by first setting the radius slides and I4 upwardly (in Fig. 3) to the radius s of the arc, the cross slide 35 and barrel 34 being then in their" central or zero positions. The radius bar is then oscillated (after unlocking the pin 86), by means of the worm and worm wheel control 65 for the sleeve 36, the spindle head 3 being fed downwardly until the dial on the micrometer mechanism indicates zero. As the wheel W for grinding the parts-b and c is now dressed the head 3 is raised and the table is actuated to bring the tool blank into operative relation with the wheel. Then while the work holder 23 is traversed to reciprocate the tool blank across the grinding wheel the spindle head is feddownwardly until the dial on the micrometer l1 registers identically with the reading recorded as the position of the head when the top part a of the tool was ground.

As the tangent face d as illustrated requires a wider wheel, a wheel W is properly positioned on the spindle 4. With the radius slides Ill and I4 offset the distance 17 (upwardly in Fig. 3) and the barrel 34 revolved 90, (clockwise, Fig. 7) the wheel W is faced ofl on the right hand side by reciprocating the cross slide 35. The radius slides are then ofiset downwardly (Fig. 3) the distance q (Fig. 16) and the barrel 34 is revolved (counterclockwise in Fig. 7) through an angle t from its zero position, whereupon the dressing tool is reciprocated by means of the cross slide 35 while the spindle head is fed downwardly to the zero point on the micrometer ll. The radius slides 10 and 14 are then offset again the radius s of the arc c after which the barrel is revolved to the angle for dressing the'part d which angle is the complement of angle. t. The cross slide 35 is then reciprocatedwhile the wheel W is fed downwardly until the dial on the micrometer mechanism indicates zero. The table is then moved to bring the tool blank into operative relation with the grinding wheel after which the wheel is led into the tool blank while the work support 23 is reciprocated until the dial on the micrometer mechanism I! again indicates the final position of the head recorded upon completing the parts, a, b and c of the tool.

Another wheel W is now positioned on the spindle 4 adapted to receive the proper contour for grinding the arc e. The dressing mechanism is then adjusted so that the radius slides are 0!!- set an amount equal to the radius of the are e, the barrel 34 being in its zero position. The wheel is then dressed, the dressing tool being traversed by oscillating the sleeve it and the spindle head being ied downwardly. When the spindle head reaches its final position the dial on the micrometer mechanism i1 is set at zero as the are e is to be formed on the center i which center is displaced from the center I: by a horilontal distance r and a vertical distance it. The tool blank must likewise be displaced from its former position through a horizontal distance 12 (the vertical displacement being taken care of by movement of the spindle head I). The horizontal displacement oi. the tool blank is accomplished by means of the work holder B aiter which the spindle head is fed downwardly while the tool blank is reciprocated until the dial on the micrometer l'l indicates the former recorded reading minus the distance u, multiplied by the cosine of the end clearance angle.

The table i is again returned to bring the dressing mechanism into operative relation with the grinding wheel, a diiierent grinding wheel W having been mounted on the spindle of sumcient size to grind the tangent surface I. The

' face 1 (Fig. 18) is dressed on the wheel with the radius slides set at zero and the barrel it positioned at the angle q (Fig. 14') The tangent f is likewise dressed on the wheel by first of!- setting the radius slides to the radius of the are e and positioning the barrel to an angle complementary to the angle a. When the spindle head has been fed downwardly and the tangent f dressed on the wheel, the dial oi the micrometer is again set at zero. As the tool blank has already been oflset the horizontal distance 12 the so table is moved to bring-the tool blank into operative relation with the grinding wheel whereupon the blank is reciprocated past the wheel while the head I is fed downwardly to the same extent as for the wheel W 55 I claim as my invention:

l. A method oi grinding a cutting contour on straight gash form tools with end and side clearances which comprises dressing a grinding wheel to a contour difierent than said cutting contour and modified for an end clearance angle, positioning a tool blank at a modified end clearance angle swung horizontally at a side clearance angle and tipped from the vertical to compensate for side clearance relatively to a tangent to said wheel, and grinding said tool blank by moving it tangentially of said wheel in a direction perpendicular to the wheel axis.

2. A method of grinding a cutting contour on straight gash tools with undercut and side clearance which comprises dressing a grinding wheel to a contour diiierent than said cutting contour and modified for an end clearance angle and undercut angle, positioning a tool blank at a modified and clearance angle swung horizontally atasideclearanceangleandtippediromthe vertical to compensate for said clearance relatively to a tangent to said wheel, and grinding said tool blank by moving it tangentially of said wheel in a direction perpendicular to the wheel axis.

3. A method of grinding a cutting contour-on spiral gash tools which comprises dressing a Blinding wheel to a contour diflerent than said cutting contour .and modified for an end clearance angle and spiral contour of the tools, positioning a tool blank at a modified end clearance angle and tipped from the vertical to compensate for spiral with respect to a tangent to said wheel, and grinding said tool blank with said wheel by moving it tangentially oi the wheel in a direction perpendicular to the wheel axis.

4. A method for grinding a cutting contour on spiral gash tools with side clearance which comprises dressing a grinding wheel to a contour other than said cutting contour and modified for end clearance, side clearance and spiral. P sitioning a tool blank at a modified end clearance angle, swung horizontally at a side clearance angle and tipped from the vertical to compensate for side clearance and spiral, relatively to a tangent to said wheel, and grinding said tool blank by moving it tangentially of said wheel.

5. A method for grinding a cutting contour on spiral gash tools with side clearance and undercut which comprises dressing a grinding wheel to a contour other than said cutting contour and modified for end clearance, side clearance, undercut and spiral, positioning a tool blank at a modified end clearance angle swung horizontally at a side clearance angle and tipped from the vertical to compensate for side clearance and spiral relatively to a tangent to said wheel, and grinding said tool blank by moving it tangentially of said wheel.

6. A machine of the character described comprising, in combination, a support, a grinding wheel arbor rotatably mounted thereon, a table movable transversely oisaid arbor, means for adjusting said arbor perpendicularly of said table, mechanism mounted on one end of said table arranged to guide a dressing tool through modified paths, a work support reciprocably mounted on the other end oi said table for movement transversely of the grinding wheel arbor and a tool blank holder on said support adapted to support a tool blank in normal end clearance and modified positions.

7. A machine 01' the character described comprising, in combination, a support, a head vertically adjustable thereon, a grinding wheel arbor rotatably mounted on said head, a table movable transversely 01' said arbor, means for determining the extent of movement oi said head relatively to said table, mechanism mounted on one end of said table arranged to guide a tool to dress a wheel on said arbor to a modified elliptical contour, a work support reciprocably mounted on the other end of said table for movement transversely 01 said grinding wheel arbor and a tool blank holder on said support adapted to support a tool blank at an end clearance angle to said table.

8. A machine of the character described comprising, in combination, a support, a grinding wheel arbor rotatably mounted thereon, a table movable transversely of said arbor, means for adjusting said arbor toward and from said table, mechanism mounted on one end of said table arranged to guide a tool to dress a wheel on said ther to a modified elliptical contour, and a tool blank holder mounted on the other end of said table adapted to support a tool blank in modified clearance angle positions.

9. A machine for grinding straight gash tools with side clearance, said machine comprising, in combination, a grinding wheel, means for dressing said wheel to an end clearance angle modified contour, means for positioning a tool blank at a side clearance angle and a modified end clearance angle relatively to a'tangent to said.

wheel, and means for moving said blank tangentially of said wheel to grind said blank.

10. The method of grinding a cutting contour on straight gash tools with end and side clearances which comprises dressing a grinding wheel to a contour different than said cutting contour and modified for both said end and side clearances, positioning a tool blank relative to a tangent to said wheel at a modified end clearance angle swung relatively to said tangent to compensate for side clearance, and grinding said tool by moving it relatively tangentially of said wheel to produce on the cutting face of said tool said cutting contour.

11. A machine of the character described comprising, in combination, a support, a grinding wheel spindle rotatably mounted on said support, a carriage movable transversely of the spindle axis, a dressing device mounted on said carriage for movement in a path perpendicular to said axis into dressing pomtion and having a drmsing tool movable relatively to said wheel spindle in a plane longitudinally through said axis, and means to move said dr tool to dress the face of a grinding wheel on said spindle in a modified path in saidplane, said means comprising mechanism arranged normally to move said dressing tool in an elliptical path, and means to modify said path to compensate for imdercut, and a work support mounted on said carriage for movement transversely of said axis to present the tool to said grinding wheel in a grinding operation, said work support being adjustable to position the work at an angle relative to a tangent to the grinding wheel to compensate for end clearance.

12. A machine of the character described comprising, in combination, a support, a grinding wheel spindle rotatably mountedon said support,

a carriage movable transversely of the wheel spindle axis, a dressing device mounted on said carriage for movement in a path perpendicular to said axis into dressing position and having a dressing tool movable relatively to said wheel spindle in a plane longitudinally through said axis, and means to move said dressing tool to dress the face of a grinding wheel on said spindie in a modified path in said plane, said means comprising mechanism arranged normally to move said dressing tool in an elliptical path, and means to modify said path to compensate for spiral angle, and a work support mounted on said carriage for movement transversely of said axis to present the tool to said grinding wheel in a grinding operation, said work support being adiustable to position said tool at an angle relative to a tangent to the grinding wheel to compensate for end clearance and spiral angle.

13. A machine of the character described comprising, in combination, a support, a grindmg wheel spindle rotatably mounted on said support, a carriage movable transversely of the wheel spindle axis, a dressing device mounted on said carriage for movement in a plane perpendicular to said axis into dressing position and having a dressing tool movable relatively to said wheel spindle in a plane longitudinally through'said axis, and means to move said dressing tool to dress the face of a grinding wheel on said spindle in a. modified path in said plane, said means comprising mechanism arranged normally to move said dressing tool in an elliptical path, and means to modify said path to compensate for side clearance, and a work support mounted on said carriage for movement transversely of said axis to present the tool to said grinding wheel in a grinding operation, said work support being adjustable to position said tool at an angle relative to the grinding wheel to compensate for end clearance and for side clearance.

14. A method of grinding a cutting contour on straight gash form tools with undercut and end clearance which comprises dressing a grinding wheel to a contour different than said cuting contour and modified for an end clearance angle and undercut angle, positioning a tool blank at said end clearance angle relatively to a tangent to said wheel, and grinding said tool blank by moving it along said tangent in a direction perpendicular to the wheel axis.

15. A method oi grinding a cutting contour on spiral gash tools with end clearance which comprises dressing a grinding wheel to a contour different than said cutting contour and modified for an end clearance angle and spiral angle, positioning a tool blank at a modified end clearance angle tipped from the vertical to compensate for spiral relatively to a tangent to said wheel, and grinding said tool blank by moving it along said tangent across said wheel.

16. A method of grinding a cutting contour on spiral gash tools with end clearance and undercut which comprises dressing the grinding wheel to a contour other than said cutting contour and modified for end clearance, undercut and spiral, positioning a tool blank at a modified end clearance angle swung horizontally at a side clearance angle and tipped from the vertical to com pensate for said clearance and spiral relatively to a tangent to said wheel, and grinding said tool blank by moving it along said tangent across said wheel.

17. A machine for grinding straight gash undercut tools with end clearance and side clearance, said machine comprising, in combination, a grinding wheel, means for dressing said wheel to an end clearance angle and undercut angle modified contour, means for positioning a tool blank at a side clearahce angle and a modified end clearance angle relative to a tangent to said wheel, and means for moving said blank tangentially of said wheel to grind said blank.

18. A machine for grinding spiral gash tools with end clearance and side clearance, said machine comprising, in combination, agrinding wheel, means for dressing said wheel to an end clearance angle, side clearance angle, undercut angle and spiral angle modified contour, means for positioning a tool blank at a side clearance angle and at an end clearance angle modified to compensate for side clearance and spiral relatively to a tangent to said wheel. and means for moving saidblank tangentiallyofsaidwheelto I.

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 2,181,596. November 28, 1959.

JOHN EDGAR.

It is hereoy certified that error appears in the printed specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows: Page 6, first column, line 71 claim 2, for the word-"and" read end; and second column,

line 1, same claim, for "said" read side; and that the said Letters Patent should be read with this correction therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 16th day of January, A. D. 191 0.

Henry Van Arsdale, (Seal) Acting Commissioner of Patents. 

